Image: A depiction of the martyrdom of Polycarp of Smyrna (69-155).
Note: I just posted WM 88: Polycarp of Smyrna (listen here).
Regarding Polycarp of
Smyrna:
Polycarp was the bishop of Smyrna, an early center of
Christianity in Asia Minor (see Rev 2:8-11). The dates for his life are
traditionally set as AD 69-155. Eusebius, however, says he was put to death
during the reign of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180) which would
move the dates for his life further back (see EH IV.XIV). As a younger man he
had met with Ignatius of Antioch when Ignatius passed through Smyrna on his way
to martyrdom in Rome (c. 107). One of Ignatius’ seven letters was directed to
Polycarp.
In the report of his martyrdom he claims to have served
Christ for 86 years. Does this mean he was 86 and had been baptized as an
infant? Or was he saying that he had, in some way, been serving the Lord (even
before his conversion)? Or had he perhaps been converted as, say, a ten year-old
child and met his death at age 96? We do not know.
Louth notes that both
Tertullian and Irenaeus reported that he had been a direct disciple of the
apostle John (125).
Let’s look at two reminiscences from Irenaeus recorded in
Eusebius’ EH:
First, see EH V.XX.4-8 where Eusbebius cites a letter from
Irenaeus to Florinus.
Irenaeus here makes reference to being in Polycarp’s house as
a child and listening to him firsthand as he “reported his intercourse with
John and the others who had seen the Lord.” He recalls that he listened eagerly
and made notes “not on paper, but in my heart.”
Second, see EH IV.XIV.3-9, where Eusebius quotes from book
III of Irenaeus’ Against Heresies:
He also notes here how he saw Polycarp in his childhood and
reports that he “constantly taught those things which he had learned from the
apostles.”
It reports that he visited Rome and many heretics were
converted under his ministry.
It is said that he told how he was with John in Ephesus in
the baths when the Gnostic Cerinthus entered and John fled saying, “Let us
flee, lest even the bath-house fall in, for within is Cerinthus, the enemy of
the truth.”
It is also said that on a visit to Rome he met the Gnostic
Marcion who demanded he recognize him, to which Polycarp responded, “I do, I
recognize the first-born of Satan!” Compare his “Away with the infidels!” quip
in the martyrdom report.
We have two documents related to Polycarp: (1) a letter from
Polycarp to the Philippians and (2) an account of Polycarp’s martyrdom.
1. Polycarp to the Philippians:
This letter is from Polycarp and his “clergy” (elders) to
“the colony of God’s Church at Philippi” in Macedonia. We have Luke’s report of
this church’s founding in Acts 16 and Paul’s letter to this church.
Polycarp apparently wrote this earlier in his ministry with
regard to the journey of Ignatius of Antioch through Philippi.
In chapter 1 he speaks those in chains as “badges of saints”
(Louth says this is likely Ignatius and his fellow prisoners).
In chapter 2 he offers exhortations which include this, “and
bear in mind the words of our Lord in his teaching” and proceeds to quote from
the Sermon on the Mount.
This leads to one of the key values of this letter: Its
frequent citations from various NT books, showing the early acceptance and
authority of the NT books.
See this table:
Poylcarp
to the Philippians
|
NT
and [Apocrypha] citations
|
Ch. 2
|
Matt 7.1; Matt 5:3
|
Ch. 4
|
1 Tim 6:7
|
Ch. 5
|
Gal 6:7; Gal 5:17; 1 Cor 6:9
|
Ch. 6
|
2 Cor 5:10
|
Ch. 7
|
1 John 4:2-3; 1 Peter 4:7; Matt 6:13;
Matt 16:41
|
Ch. 8
|
1 Peter 2:22, 24
|
Ch. 10
|
[Tobit 12:9]
|
Ch. 11
|
1 Cor 6:2; 2 Cor 3:2
|
Ch. 12
|
Eph 4:26
|
In chapter 3 Polycarp notes that he does not have the wisdom
of “our blessed and glorious Paul.” Note: He acknowledges that the age of the
apostles has passed.
In this chapter he also makes reference to faith, hope, and
love, likely drawing on 1 Corinthians 13, though not directly quoting any
verses.
In chapter 4 he quotes 1 Timothy 6:7. I suppose this is the
earliest citation from a Pastoral epistle. At the least it demonstrates the
antiquity of the Pastoral epistles and, in my view, demonstrates its
authenticity. Rather than recognize what to the traditionalist sees as obvious
(Paul wrote the Pastoral epistles and Polycarp recognized them as Scripture),
Louth notes that the German scholar Hans von Campenhausen argued that Polycarp
was the author of the Pastoral epistles!
In chapter 5 he speaks about deacons being beyond approach
and he also gives exhortations to younger men and women (as in Titus 2), as
well encouraging obedience to elders and deacons (as in Ignatius).
In chapter 7 he cites 1 John 4:2-3 regarding the antichrists
who deny that Jesus has come in the flesh. He adds: “To contradict the evidence
of the cross is to be of the devil.”
In chapter 9 he calls for holiness recalling the examples of
godly men, including Paul and the apostles. Again, this reflects his awareness
of the apostolic age having passed.
In chapter 10 he urges the Philippians, “Stand firm,” and
adds: “Be fixed and unshaken in your faith; care for each other with a
brother’s love, and make common cause for the truth.”
Note that Louth sees here a citation (or allusion?) to Tobit
12:9. It might be a citation, but that does not mean that Polycarp saw the
apocrphya as Scripture, while there is no doubt that he sees the NT as
Scripture.
In chapter 11, Polycarp makes reference to an elder named
Valens who had failed in his ministry, perhaps due to an “excessive fondness
for money.”
He also cites 1 Cor 6:2 as Paul’s teaching and refers to the
Philippians as those “with whom the blessed Paul labored.” Think about it. He
is writing to some who had perhaps known Paul personally!
In chapter 13 he notes that he is sending along Ignatius
letters by the hand of Crescens (ch. 14).
This is a very valuable letter.
2. The Martyrdom of Polycarp:
Louth says this is considered “the earliest surviving
authentic account of Christian martyrdom outside the NT” (127). It is in the
form of a letter sent from the church at Smyrna to the church at Philomelium in
Phrygia. It is signed by the scribe Evarestus.
The letter begins by noting the heroic deaths of Christian
martyrs including one named Germanicus who was given over the beasts. But this
does not satiate the blood lust of the pagans who screamed, “Down with the
infidels! Go and find Polycarp!” (ch. 3).
The author also mentions the failure of a man named Quintus
who had voluntarily offered up himself, but then suffered a failure of nerve,
took the oath and offered incense to Caesar (ch. 4). The author argues against
such volunteering for martyrdom, perhaps tempering the zeal demonstrated by
Ignatius.
Polycarp was not alarmed but was urged to leave the city. He left
for the country, but three days before his arrest while in prayer he had a
vision of his pillow on fire and told his companions, “I must be going to be
burned alive” (ch. 5).
He went to a farm but the authorities tracked him down, tortured
slave boy to find his precise whereabouts,
and encircled the place where he was staying late at night. Polycarp then
surrendered himself, saying, “God’s will be done.” He calmly greeted those
coming to arrest him, chatted with them, and they were struck by his calmness
(cf. the calmness of Socrates before his death in Plato’s Apology).
He was brought into the city riding on a donkey (paralleling
the triumphal entry) and urged to say, “Caesar is Lord” (ch. 8). He refused and
was taken to the city circus.
Chapter 9 notes a voice from heaven told him to be strong and
play the man. When urged to say, “Down with the infidels!” he turned instead to
the pagan crowd and said, “Down with the infidels!”
When the governor urged him, “Revile your Christ!” he offered
his famous reply, “Eighty and six years have I served Him, and He has done me
no wrong. How can I blaspheme my King and my Saviour?”
When the governor persisted, Polycarp told him, “I am a
Christian” and if you want to know more about the meaning of Christianity, just
name the day and hour and I will explain it to you (ch. 10).
When the governor threatened to burn him to death lest he
recant, he replied, “The fire you threaten me with cannot go on burning for
very long” (ch. 11).
He was eventually condemned to be burned and taken to the
place of execution, stripped of his clothing, and tied to a stake to be burned
(ch. 13).
The author said he was “like a noble ram” offered as a
sacrifice (ch. 14). He lifted his eyes to heaven and thanks God that he might
be “numbered amongst the martyrs.”
When the prayer ended, the fire was lit, but miraculously
there was something like a “hollow chamber” formed around his figure and he was
“like a loaf baking in the oven” that emits a “delicious fragrance” (ch. 15). There
are, no doubt, allusions here to the three Hebrew youths in the burning fiery
furnace in Daniel 3.
Finally, some “ruffians” were sent in with daggers to stab
Polycarp. When, they did a dove flew out from his body and such a “copious rush
of blood” issued from him that it extinguished the flames (ch. 16). The final
verdict of the author is that Polycarp was clearly a great man among the elect,
who “combined both apostle and prophet in his own person.”
The author notes how the authorities tried to stop the
Christians from taking Polycarp’s remains as relics, fearing lest, “they should
forsake the Crucified and take to worshipping this fellow instead” (ch. 17).
A centurion, however, took the body and had it burned and the
Christians were able to gather up the bones, which to them were “more precious
to us than jewels, and finer than pure gold” (ch. 18). The author also notes
their practice of assembling where these remains were and remembering “the
birthday of his martyrdom.”
Louth notes that this work provides “the earliest evidence
for the preservation of the relics of the martyrs … and for the celebration of
the anniversary of the martyrdom, the ‘heavenly birthday’ of the saint” (117).
The author concludes: “Not only was he a famous Doctor, he
was a martyr without a peer; and one whose martyrdom all aspire to imitate, so
fully does it accord with the Gospel of Christ” (ch. 19).
Conclusion:
First: Polycarp was a student of John the
apostle and an important transition figure from the age of the apostles to the
post-apostolic age.
Second: His epistle to the Philippians shows
how the NT was being looked to as Scripture from the earliest times.
Third: The Martyrdom of Polycarp follows
the accounts of NT martyrs, like Peter (John 21:18-19), Stephen (Acts 7), James (Acts 12), and Antipas
of Pergamum (Rev 2:13).
It includes many more legendary elements and a focus on
relics and memorials, not seen in the NT accounts. This demonstrates a drift
from the apostolic accounts that will continue and which will attempt to be
purified during the Reformation.
We should note, however, that the early Protestants will also
claim Polycarp’s martyrdom as part of their history. The account of Polycarp’s martyrdom
appeared in Foxe’s Book of Martyrs (without
the reference to relics or memorials).
It remains a source of inspiration and encouragement for believers
today, especially for the persecuted church.
JTR
