Was Hebrews written by Paul? Should such a claim be raised to confessional status?
Stylos is the blog of Jeff Riddle, a Reformed Baptist Pastor in North Garden, Virginia. The title "Stylos" is the Greek word for pillar. In 1 Timothy 3:15 Paul urges his readers to consider "how thou oughtest to behave thyself in the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar (stylos) and ground of the truth." Image (left side): Decorative urn with title for the book of Acts in Codex Alexandrinus.
Friday, August 07, 2026
The Belgic Confession, Pauline Authorship of Hebrews, and Confessional Subscription
Thursday, August 06, 2026
WM 390: A New Scholarly Defense of the Woman Caught in Adultery (John 7:53--8:11)
Tuesday, August 04, 2026
2026 Youth Conference Audio: Samuel Frain on "Answering the Problem of Evil."
CRBC hosted our annual Youth Conference Friday-Saturday, 23-24, 2026 at the Machen Conference Center in beautiful Highland County, Virginia.
Conference speaker Sam Frain, Pastoral Assistant at Emmanuel RBC, Verona addressed the topic: "Answering the Problem of Evil" in four messages, followed by a Q & A session. Here are audio links:
Session 1: What do we mean by the Problem of Evil?
Session 2: The Problem of Evil & the Fall of Man.
Session 3: The Problem of Evil & the Cross of Christ.
Session 4: The Problem of Evil & the Second Coming of Christ.
The Vision (7.31.26): The Ordination of the Twelve
Note: Devotional based on Sunday morning sermon on July 26, 2026.
Mark 3:14 And
he ordained twelve, that they should be with him, and that he might send them
forth to preach, 15 And
to have power to heal sicknesses, and to cast out devils:
We see in the early chapters of Mark that many men flocked to
Christ as he began his ministry. They would later abandon him when he went to
the cross.
Among his many followers he called some to be his disciples.
These included Simon and Andrew, James and John, and Levi (Mark 1:16-20; 2:14).
Mark 3:14-19 describes how he set apart or ordained Twelve of these men who would serve as Apostles.
It begins in v. 14 with the simple statement: “And he ordained twelve.”
Mark then notes two reasons for their appointment:
First,
that they might be with him (v. 14a). The Lord Jesus is Immanuel, “God with us.”
Notice that Mark does not say that he appointed twelve that they might
go to rabbinic school or seminary. Their
education or training for their task would come from spending time with the Master. The primary task of the apostles will be the
accurate preaching and writing about the life, ministry, death, and
resurrection of the Lord Jesus. To do
this, they had to be with him, and he would remain with them to the very end of
the age (cf. Matthew 28:19-20).
Second, that they might be sent out to minister in his name (vv. 14-15).
This involves preaching (v. 14b) and healing (including casting out evil
spirits) (v. 15). Notice in the final chapter of Mark how the risen Christ
commissions these same men (sans Judas Iscariot) to preach the gospel to every
creature (16:15) and to perform the extra-ordinary apostolic signs including
healing and casting out devils (16:17-18, 20). Note: This is another proof for
the authenticity and originality of Mark’s Ending!
This was a special calling for the apostles, but callings will extend to
ordinary ministers after them.
Hudson Taylor (1832-1905), pioneer
missionary to China, wrote to his colleagues after the death of his beloved
wife after childbirth:
I trust we are all satisfied that we are God’s servants, sent by Him, to the various posts we occupy, and that we are doing His work in them. He set before us open doors we have entered, and in past times of excitement He has preserved us. We did not come to China because missionary work here was either safe or easy, but because He had called us. We did not enter upon our present positions under guarantee of human protection, but relying on the promises of his presence. The accidents of ease or difficulty, of apparent safety or danger, of man’s approval or disapproval, in no wise affect our duty.
Let us follow and serve him where he has called us.
Grace and peace, Pastor Jeff Riddle
Tuesday, July 28, 2026
Friday, July 24, 2026
The Vision (7.24.26): Do Christian today still keep the sabbath?
Note: Devotion taken from last Sunday's sermon on Mark 2:23--3:6.
Is the moral law of God, as epitomized in the Ten Commandments,
still binding on the consciences of believers today?
We would probably not have an argument over 9 of the 10
commandments. The controversial one would be the fourth commandment: Remember
the sabbath day to keep it holy (Exodus 20:8).
Many evangelicals today would say this law is now abrogated,
like the dietary rules or the keeping of the Passover.
One popular Study Bible (MacArthur’s) has a note at Exodus
20:8 which says of the fourth commandment, “Belonging especially to Israel
under the Mosaic economy, the Sabbath could not apply to the believer of the
church age for he is living in a new economy” (p. 125).
Reformed (Biblical) theology, however, rejects the rejection
of the Sabbath.
We maintain that God’s moral law has not fundamentally changed.
The fourth commandment is a creation ordinance. It was established when God
made the world in the space of six day and all very good and then rested on the
seventh day (Exodus 20:11), and it remains.
The only shift that has occurred in this commandment since
the coming of Christ is that the sabbath is no longer a seventh day sabbath,
but it is now a first day sabbath, the day when Christ was gloriously raised
from the dead (John 20:1, 19; Acts 20:6-7; 1 Corinthians 16:1-2). So, from
creation to the resurrection, the sabbath was the seventh day, and from the
resurrection of Christ till the second coming, it is the first day of the week.
As Paul wrote in Hebrews 4:9: “There remaineth therefore a rest [sabbatismos] to the people of
God.”
We
believe that when we look at the Scriptures, and especially at the Gospels, we
find that Christ nowhere rejected the sabbath, although he did reject those who
were adding unbiblical laws about the sabbath (like forbidding works of
necessity, Mark 2:23-28, and mercy, Mark 3:1-6).
Christ
affirmed Biblical sabbath keeping and rejected unbiblical sabbath keeping.
On
this special day we set aside what is lawful to do on other days and give
ourselves to the public and private exercises of God’s worship.
Let
us follow Christ’s teaching and example and call the sabbath a delight (Isaiah 58:13).
Let us not think that we have to keep the sabbath, but that we get to
keep the sabbath.
Grace
and peace, Pastor Jeff Riddle
Thursday, July 23, 2026
Monday, July 20, 2026
Saturday, July 18, 2026
Friday, July 17, 2026
The Vision (7.17.26): Murmuring & Manna
Note: Devotion taken from Lord's Day afternoon sermon on July 5, 2026.
And the whole congregation of the
children of Israel murmured against Moses and Aaron in the wilderness (Exodus
16:2).
And when the children of Israel saw
it, they said one to another, It is manna: for they wist not what it was. And
Moses said unto them, This is the bread which the Lord hath given you to eat (Exodus 16:15).
Exodus
16:1-21 describes the pilgrimage of Israel after leaving its bondage in Egypt,
as they move from Elim to the wilderness of Sin on their way to Sinai where
they will receive God’s law.
Here are three spiritual applications one might draw from this
passage:
Notice first: The LORD meets their murmuring with
manna.
When the people murmur against Moses and Aaron, Moses tells them, “your
murmurings are not against us, but against the LORD” (v.8). Nevertheless, the
LORD did not pour out his wrath on them or abandon them. Instead, he gave them
quail in the evening and manna (literally, “What is it?”) in the morning. The LORD
is great in grace, mercy, and compassion toward his elect people. As Paul wrote
to Timothy, “If we believe not [i.e., if we are not faithful], yet he abideth
faithful: he cannot deny himself” (2 Tim 2:13).
Notice second: This passage challenges us to consider
our confidence in the Lord’s provision for us.
He provided for the Israelites of old even though they murmured.
Will he not provide for us in our material and spiritual needs?
In Philippians 4:19, Paul said, “But my God
shall supply all your need according to his riches in glory by Christ Jesus.”
As the
Psalmist noted, “the cattle on a thousand hills are thine” (Ps 50:10).
Notice Third: The provision of manna in the wilderness points toward a
greater fulfillment of the LORD provision in Christ for spiritually hungry and
thirsty men and women.
In John 6, after feeding five thousand physically hungry
men, Christ declared,, “I am the bread of life: he that cometh to me shall
never hunger; and he that believeth on me shall never thirst” (John 6:35).
After reminding them that their fathers “ate manna in the
wilderness, and are dead,” Christ added, “I
am the living bread which came down from heaven: if any man eat of this bread,
he shall live for ever: and the bread that I will give is my flesh, which I
will give for the life of the world” (v.51).
The
Lord did indeed meet our murmuring with manna, even the Lord Jesus Christ.
To
Him be all praise and glory!
Grace
and peace, Pastor Jeff Riddle
Wednesday, July 15, 2026
Beza on the Mark of the True Church
"The mark of the true Church is the preaching of Word of God in which the Lord is made manifest to us, as the books of the Prophets and Apostles declare Him. And, consequently, we join to the Word the Sacraments and the administration of ecclesiastical discipline, such as God has ordained."
Tuesday, July 14, 2026
Beza rejects superstitious devotion to Bread and Wine
"Moreover, since apart from the act of Baptism, the water is no Sacrament, but plain water, and apart from the administration of the Supper, the bread and wine are no signs of the body and blood of the Lord, but only bread and wine, it follows that superstitious devotees of these things, do not worship even the Sacraments, but only and simply the creations of God. If these could speak, they would doubtless rebuke those who worshipped them for such horrible blasphemy."
-Theodore Beza (1519-1605), The Christian Faith, 52.Friday, July 10, 2026
The Vision (7.10.26): Christ: The Bridegroom
Note: Devotion taken from last Sunday's sermon on Mark 2:18-22.
“And
Jesus said unto them, Can the children of the bridechamber fast, while the
bridegroom is with them? as long as they have the bridegroom with them, they
cannot fast” (Mark 2:19).
In
Christ’s early ministry he attracted both disciples and critics.
In
Mark 2:18 the critics ask, “Why do the disciples of John and of the Pharisees fast, but thy disciples
fast not?” They were essentially accusing him of not teaching orthopraxy, right
conduct.
We have Christ’s response in v. 19 with his own question: “Can
the children of the bridechamber fast, while the bridegroom is with them?”
He poses here a parable or an analogy. Christ is like a
Bridegroom who has come. In a first century Jewish wedding, the bride and the
wedding party would wait for the coming of the Bridegroom (see Christ’s parable
of the wise and foolish virgins regarding his second coming in Matt 25:1-13). When the Bridegroom arrived the wedding
celebration began.
Here in Mark 2:19 Christ speaks about his first advent or first coming. Jesus Christ,
the Son of God, came into this world to claim his Bride, the people of God, the
Church. Those who are his disciples are “the children of
the bridechamber.” They are part of the wedding party. The coming of the long-expected
Bridegroom (the Messiah) is a time of joy and celebration and gladness. It is
not a time of “affliction” of the soul and fasting.
This
is Christ’s response to these critics. There are times for feasting and times
for fasting. Weddings are not funerals. The Bridegroom has come. Joy and
gladness are in order. This was the proper response of his disciples.
Christ then adds in v. 20 what is
essentially a prophecy of both the cross and his ascension: “But the days will
come, when the bridegroom will be taken away from them, and then they shall
fast in those days.” The disciples will be filled with great sorrow over all
these things.
An underlying point is being made. Christ is taking to himself the
title of being the Bridegroom. If you look at the Old
Testament, you will find a rich treasury of references to the one true God of
the Bible as being the Husband or Bridegroom of his elect people, his Bride.
Consider just one example:
Isaiah 54: 5 For thy Maker is thine husband; the Lord of hosts is his name; and thy
Redeemer the Holy One of Israel; The God of the whole earth shall he be called.
6 For the Lord hath
called thee as a woman forsaken and grieved in spirit, and a wife of youth,
when thou wast refused, saith thy God.
7 For a small moment have I forsaken thee; but with great
mercies will I gather thee.
When Christ declares himself to be the Bridegroom, he is declaring
himself to be God. His first disciples thus confessed, “Jesus is Lord.” They were
filled with joy at his first advent, and his disciples on earth will be filled
with joy again at his second coming when we are called to “the marriage supper
of the Lamb” (Rev 19:9). Christ is the Bridegroom!
Grace and peace, Pastor Jeff Riddle
Wednesday, July 08, 2026
Beza on the timing of the fruit of Word and Sacrament
"As the seed, however good it may be, does not produce its fruit at the moment which it is sown, but must necessarily remain in the ground, so it is not proper to restrict fruit and efficacy of the Word to the same hour in which it is sown, nor that of the Sacraments to the moment in which they are administered. For the fruit manifests itself in the hearts of the elect at the time determined by God."
-Theodore Beza (1519-1605), The Christian Faith, 48.Friday, July 03, 2026
The Vision (7.3.26): Follow Me
Note: Devotional article based on last Sunday's sermon on Mark 2:13-17.
“And as he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alphaeus sitting at the receipt of custom, and said unto him, Follow me. And he arose and followed him” (Mark 2:14).
The early
ministry of Christ on earth involved the calling of his disciples. In Mark
1:16-20 we have the call of two sets of fisherman brothers: Simon and Andrew,
James and John. In Mark
2:14 there is the call of Levi (also known as Matthew), the publican (tax
collector). The description is minimal. No doubt Christ knew this latter man
and had spoken previously with him. The Evangelist Mark describes the moment in
which action was demanded, a command given, a response required. A call goes
forth. This is the effectual call to faith and the call to apostleship.
To Simon and Andrew Christ said, “Come ye after me, and I
will make you to become fishers of men” (1:17).
To Levi he said, “Follow me” (2:14). This is the call to
discipleship, to enroll in the school of the Lord Jesus Christ, to become his
apprentice, to learn from him.
Paul said to the Corinthians, “Be ye followers of me, even as I also am of Christ” (1 Cor 11:1).
Peter
called upon men to follow in Christ’s steps (1 Peter 2:21).
Christ
himself said in Luke 9:23, “If any man will come after me, let him deny
himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me.”
To follow Christ means you can’t follow the crowd. You can’t
follow anyone but the Lord Jesus Christ. Our God is a jealous God. And Christ
is a jealous Christ. Christ himself said, “No man can serve two masters” (Matt
6:24).
If you follow Christ, you have to deny yourself. You have to
leave some things behind.
I spent a summer after college leading young men on weeklong
backpacking trips in the mountains of Southwest Virginia. The night before we
left for the trip, we had the boys lay out the things they wanted to take, and
then we usually had to cut that into at least half. We had to get the weight lower
to avoid blisters, fatigue, and dragging behind.
As Christians, we have a race to
run, and we cannot get bogged down with needless burdens that will hold us back
from following Christ. We must certainly never turn back. Christ said, “No man, having put his hand to the plough, and looking
back, is fit for the kingdom of God” (Luke 9:62).
The response of Levi is also simply
and minimally recorded: “And he arose and followed him.” Christ is honored when
our obedience to his call is similarly prompt and sincere.
Let us deny ourselves, take up our
cross daily, and follow him.
Grace and peace,
Pastor Jeff Riddle
Wednesday, July 01, 2026
Beza on Regeneration and Good Works
"In that our regeneration is never completed here below, -- there is always the battling of the flesh against the Spirit (Gal 5:17), there is yet, I say, deep darkness in our understanding (1 Cor 13:9-12), and great rebellions in us against God (Rom 7:15-24), -- it follows that the best work which can come from the best man in the world, if he were examined with rigour, would be found to be nothing other than a polluting of the graces of God. It is thus that we see a clear pure stream is polluted when it passes through a dirty vile place."
-Theodore Beza (1519-1605), The Christian Faith, 30.Tuesday, June 30, 2026
How many *sons* of Alpheus were apostles?
How many *sons* of Alpheus were apostles?
Friday, June 12, 2026
The Vision (6.12.26): The Authority of Christ
Note: Devotional taken from last Sunday's sermon on Mark 1:21-34.
“for he taught them as one that had authority, and not as the scribes” (Mark 1:22).
“for with authority commandeth he even the unclean spirits, and they do obey him” (Mark 1:27).
Even secular unbelieving historians agree that the Lord Jesus Christ was a man who possessed a personal power, warmth, and winsomeness that affected those who encountered him, heard him, and observed his ministry. He drew men to himself in the way that a magnet draws metal. He was a man who demanded followers.
That personal, “magnetic” personality is noted in our passage today at several points. The term that is used to distinguish the uniqueness of Christ is “authority [Greek: exousia].”
In Mark 1, Christ conducts his threefold ministry: preaching, teaching, and healing (cf. Matt 4:23; 9:35). First, he was preaching in Galilee the gospel of the kingdom of God (Mark 1:14-15). Second, he was teaching in the synagogue at Capernaum (Mark 1:21: “and [he] taught”). Third, he was healing. He healed (exorcised) a man with an unclean spirit in the synagogue (Mark 1:23-26). He healed Simon’s mother-in-law (Mark 1:29-31). He healed many who gathered in the evening at his door (Mark 1:32-34: “And he healed many that were sick of diverse diseases, and cast out many devils,” v. 34).
His unique authority shines through. Mark the Evangelist describes the response of those who heard him in the synagogue, “And they were astonished at his doctrine [didache]: for he taught them as one that had authority, and not as the scribes” (Mark 1:22).
Mark also unveils the amazed questioning pondered by those who saw him exorcise the man with the unclean spirit: “What thing is this? what new doctrine is this? for with authority commandeth he even the unclean spirits, and they do obey him” (Mark 1:27).
Behold the authority of Christ.
He preached Himself.
He taught with authority as God in the flesh. He did not teach about God; he taught as God. In the Sermon on the Mount in Matthew 5, he will say: You have heard it said…, but I say unto you….
He healed the souls and bodies of men, showing his authority over both the unseen spiritual and the visible natural worlds.
He will lay down his life on the cross and take it up again the third day as his greatest sign or miracle.
The final question: How will we respond to Christ? Will we recognize his authority? Will we bend the knee of our hearts before his throne?
Grace and peace, Pastor
Jeff Riddle
Monday, June 08, 2026
Beza's Motto
The motto of Protestant father Theodore Beza (1519-1605):
Friday, June 05, 2026
The Vision (6.5.26): Come Ye After Me
Note: Devotional taken from last Sunday's sermon on Mark 1:16-20.
“And Jesus said unto them, Come ye after me, and I will make you to become fishers of men” (Mark 1:17).
Christ’s public ministry began with his preaching (see Mark 1:15). It continued with his calling men to come after him and become his disciples or followers.
In Mark 1:16-20 we have the account of our Lord calling two sets of brothers to be among his first disciples: Simon (Peter) and Andrew (vv. 16-18), then James and John (vv. 19-20). Two sets of brothers by nature became brothers in Christ.
So often our picture of the disciples come from medieval artists that depict the Lord Jesus and the disciples as frail, pale, and sickly. They hardly seem to have had strength enough to pick up a heavy net! But the picture here in Mark 1 is of strong, sun-darkened, solid, working men. Simon and Andrew were busy at their trade, casting a net into the sea, “for” Mark says, “for they were fishers” (v. 16).
The occupation of fisherman must have been a common livelihood in this area. Many have noted that when the Lord Jesus went looking for followers, he did not go to the royal court, or to the religious schools, but to the shipyard. He chose sturdy, common, ordinary men. The Puritan commentator Matthew Henry observed:
The instruments Christ chose to employ in setting up his kingdom, were the weak and foolish things of the world; not called from the great Sanhedrin, or the schools of the [rabbis], but picked up from among the [tarps] by the seaside, that the excellency of the power might be wholly of God, and not at all of them.
Do you get it? Why did Jesus choose men like these? Because if he had chosen princes and scholars we might have been tempted to give them glory. In this way, to God alone through Christ alone be all the glory.
Note the language used by Christ. He does not say to these men, “I see within you the inner fishers of men.” His hopes for them did not rest on any inherent potential that they held within themselves. When we see an exquisite vase that has been beautifully shaped and crafted and decorated by a master artisan, we do not say, “Wow, that was some great clay!” The focus is not on the raw material but on the artist.
Nor does the Lord Jesus say, “Come after me and become whatever you want to be.” He has a very definite end in mind, and he is not leaving this up to these men. He says he will make them to become fishers of men.
There is great significance in this, is there not? They had been spending their lives casting out nets to gather in fish and the Lord Jesus says instead, that he will make them cast their nets to gather in the souls of men. These rough fishermen will later, of course, become apostles. They will be the foundational heralds of the gospel. Here the Lord Jesus is giving the church its central apostolic commission. We are about fishing for the souls of men. Our fundamental calling as a church is evangelism, endearing the gospel of God to the hardened hearts of men.
In 1773 the Puritan Thomas Boston at the tender age of 22 published a little book titled, “The Art of Man-Fishing” in which he meditated on these words of Christ. Boston applied these words to the preacher who, through the nets of his public preaching and teaching ministry and his one-on-one private ministry appointments, was constantly striving to see men drawn to a place of settled commitment to Christ.
Note also that the Lord Jesus does not say, Follow Me and I will make you to become social workers, or Red Cross volunteers, or school teachers, or political revolutionaries. Now there is a place for acts of Christian charity and mercy, for education and Christian citizenship, but our primary calling is evangelism, endearing the gospel of God to the hardened hearts of men. Let us not drift from this calling.
Grace and peace, Pastor Jeff









