Gordon H. Clark, Religion, Reason, and Revelation
(Nutley, N. J.: Craig Press, 1961): 241 pp.
This book is a collection of five chapters/essays from Reformed
philosopher and theologian Gordon H. Clark.
Chapter one: Is
Christianity a Religion? (pp. 1-27):
In this essay Clark examines modern attempts to define the
term religion and to evaluate whether Christianity can be categorized as a
religion. He looks at two main methods of defining religions: the psychological
approach and the comparative approach.
First, the psychological approach sees religion as an
emotional, non-rational experience. This results, Clark argues, in a definition
“so broad and vague that it covers an unmanageable variety of experience” (p.
17). In this scheme, “The Hindu mystic, the apostle Paul, the dictator, and the
miser are equally perfect examples of religion” (p. 17).
Second, the comparative approach classifies “religions” into
various families in comparison to one another in the way botanists classify
plants. One problem with this approach is that it cannot define elements common
in all religions. Buddhism, for example, does not even suggest the concept of
God.
Finally, Clark turns to examine Biblical Christianity. At the
outset, he notes, “Surely, the images, medals, beads, and other paraphernalia
of Romanism is not the same religion as iconoclastic Puritanism” (p. 23).
Clark defines Christianity as “Calvinism,” as articulated in
the Westminster Confession of Faith (pp. 23-24). He is unapologetic about
starting from this conviction: “There is no hypocritical claim that the
argument is without presupposition” (p. 24).
From this confessional perspective, the various religions, as
idolatrous distortions, proliferate after the fall: “The religions of today
therefore are descendants of the one original religion….” (p. 25). Christian
conversion cannot be compared with supposed Hindu conversion. The Christian view
of sin is not the same as in the various religions. Modern scholars of
religions, “can neither appreciate or even understand the Christian doctrine of
human depravity” (p. 27).
To summarize Clark’s conclusions: Christianity is not just
one religions among many. It cannot even be compared to them. They are false.
The only true religion is Biblical, confessional Christianity.
Chapter 2: Faith and
Reason (pp. 28-110):
Clark presents four subheadings for approaching the
relationship between reason and faith:
First: Reason and Faith: Roman Catholicism
Clark: “The cosmological argument for the existence of God,
most fully developed by Thomas Aquinas, is a fallacy. It is not possible to
begin with sensory experience and proceed by formal laws of logic to God’s
existence as a conclusion” (p. 35).
When it comes to the cosmological argument, according to
Clark, David Hume was right (in rejecting the cosmological argument) and
Charles Hodge was wrong (in defending it)!
Second: Reason without
Faith: Modern
philosophy, from Descartes to Hegel.
Clark’s summation: “The rationalism of the seventeenth
century, British empiricism, the critical philosophy of Kant, and now
Hegelianism have all tried and have all failed to justify knowledge. Reason
apart from revelation has come to grief. The only remaining possibility of
escaping revelation now is to abandon reason. It is a bitter pill for man to
swallow, but some men would rather wallow in abysmal ignorance than accept
information by the grace of God” (p. 68).
Third: Faith without
Reason: Irrationalism, mysticism, neo-orthodoxy.
Clark’s conclusion: “This type of philosophy is
self-contradictory, self-destructive, and intellectually stultifying” (p. 87).
He thus proceeds: “Therefore I wish to suggest that we
neither abandon reason nor use it unaided; but on pain of skepticism acknowledge
a verbal propositional revelation of fixed truth from God. Only by accepting
rationally comprehensible information on God’s authority can we hope to have a
sound philosophy and a true religion” (p. 87).
Fourth: Reason and Faith:
Confessional, Reformed Christianity
Clark begins by noting that, contrary to various
rationalistic views, reason and faith “are not antithetical but harmonious,”
but that this harmony is not of the “Thomistic variety” (p. 87). He adds that,
contrary to irrational views, faith has “an intellectual content” (p. 87).
For historical background, Clark begins with fundamentalism, which,
he says, “cannot be entirely condemned nor entirely commended” from a
Westminster perspective (p. 88). “Fundamentalism’s firm attachment to a few
doctrines saves it from the excesses of irrationalism, but at the same time the
fundamentalists can hardly be said to embrace a wholehearted intellectualism”
(pp. 88-89).
Clark rejects the attempt to drive a wedge between reason and
faith:
“Thus the common modern contrast between the head and the
heart is evidently unscriptural” (p. 94).
Regarding the assertion that faith is more than intellectual “assent,”
Clark adds: “Just because one intellectual act, the understanding of what words
mean, is less than faith, it does not follow that faith or belief is not
intellectual” (p. 99).
And later: “Faith is something internal, mental, intellectual”
(p. 100).
This leads Clark to assert, “that faith in God is impossible
without a creed” (p. 101).
According to Clark, “the main current of Christianity has
always been intellectualistic” and “there has always been recognition of the
primacy of the intellect” (p. 103).
There is no conflict between reason and faith. “The futility
of rationalism and the insanity of irrationalism are to be avoided” (p. 110).
Chapter Three: Inspiration
and Language (pp. 111-150):
This chapter asks: Is language a “fit instrument for
revelation”? Can divine revelation offer solutions to the problems of language?
(p. 111).
Clark discusses the orthodox view of the inspiration of
Scripture but distinguishes this from a mechanical “dictation” view (pp. 115
ff.). He confides, “it has been my experience that liberal theologians
misunderstand, misrepresent, and even misquote the orthodox authors” (p. 117).
After surveying modern linguistic theories that challenge
whether language can be a proper vehicle for revelation, Clark advocates “theistic
linguistics,” which assumes “that God Omnipotent has created rational beings,
beings who are not merely physical but who are essentially spiritual and
intellectual, beings therefore who have the innate ability to think and speak”
(p. 134).
This view stands, in particular, against logical positivism which
says “that religion and metaphysics is nonsense,” making this philosophy “an
enemy of all religion” (p. 146).
Clark concludes, “One cannot write a book or speak a sentence
that means anything without using the law of contradiction. Logic is an innate
necessity, not an arbitrary convention that may be discarded at will” (pp.
149-150).
Chapter Four:
Revelation and Morality (pp. 151-193):
For the Christian, morality is “grounded on Biblical
revelation” (p. 151).
Clark examines two humanistic attempts which reject
revelation but try to find a logical ground for morality: Utilitarianism and
Instrumentalism (Dewey). Unsurprisingly, he finds both wanting.
In contrast to these, Clark presents Christina ethics, based
on the sense of the Bible as “determined by the Westminster Confession” (p.
183). The Bible presents God as “the moral governor and judge of the world” (p.
183).
Clark concludes; “Neither Utilitarianism, nor Kant, nor Dewey
can anticipate God’s standard of rectitude” (p. 193).
Chapter Five: God
and Evil (pp. 194-241):
The final chapter looks at the problem of evil, concluding that
only “the system known as Calvinism and expressed in the Westminster Confession
of Faith offers a satisfactory and completely logical answer” (p. 194).
Clark rejects the “free will” defense to the problem of evil,
concluding: “Certainly, if the Bible is the word of God, free will is false;
for the Bible consistently denies free will” (p. 206).
The only satisfying answer come in Reformation theology, as
expressed in the Westminster Confession, “the high water mark of Protestantism.”
He adds, “Though some circumscribed souls may be astonished, this is what
Christianity is” (p. 213).
Clark looks, in particular, at chapter 3 of the WCF “Of God’s
Eternal Decree.” God has willed all things that come to pass. Does Calvinism
introduce “self-contradiction into the will of God”? (p. 221). God says, “Thou shalt not kill.” Still murders
take place in the world. No, says Clark, we must distinguish between the preceptive
and decretive will of God. “God’s decretive will, as contrasted with his percepts,
causes every event” (p. 222). “If Arminians had a keener sense of logic –they would
not be Arminians!” (p. 222).
Does Calvinism make men puppets? No, says Clark. Calvinism
denies free will, not that men have wills. “Calvinism most assuredly holds that
Judas acted voluntarily. He chose to betray Christ. He did so willingly” (p.
227). “A choice is still a deliberate volition even if it could not have been
different” (p. 228).
Does this make God unjust? Clark answers: “But those who hold
to the sovereignty of God determine what justice is by observing what God
actually does. Whatever God does is just” (p. 233).
Is God the cause of sin? Clark responds:
Let is be unequivocally said that
this view certainly makes God the cause of sin. God is the sole ultimate cause
of everything. There is absolutely nothing independent of him. He alone is the
eternal being. He alone is omnipotent. He alone is sovereign. Not only is Satan
his creature, but every detail of history was eternally in his plan before the
world began; and he willed that it should all come to pass…. (p. 238).
Does to say that God is the “cause of sin” mean he is also “the
author of sin”? Clark draws on the WCF distinction between “first and secondary
causation” (p. 239). God is the ultimate cause of everything, including sin,
but he is not the “author” (immediate cause) of sin.
“God is neither responsible nor sinful, even though he is the
ultimate cause of everything” (p. 239).
“As God cannot sin, so … God is not responsible for sin, even
though he decrees it” (p. 240).
“The sinner therefore, and not God, is responsible; the
sinner alone is the author of sin. Man has no free will, for salvation is
purely of grace; and God is sovereign” (p. 241).
JTR
