Note: I wrote this review in March 2006 and it was posted at the time to an online site which is no longer available. I had a recent conversation with a friend about New Covenant Theology and shared this review with him. I thought it would be worthwhile to re-post the review for others who might be interested. I also recorded an audio version of the review and posted it to sermonaudio.com (listen to it here).
Richard C. Barcellos. In Defense of the Decalogue: A Critique of New Covenant Theology. Enumclaw, WA:
WinePress Publishing, 2001, 117 pp.
New Covenant Theology (NCT) is a recent attempt to
find a middle ground between Covenant (Reformed) and Dispensational theology in
the areas of ecclesiology (the relationship between Israel and the Church) and
ethics (the relationship between law and grace). Most central, according to Barcellos, is the
issue of the continuing function and role of the law (and the Ten Commandments
in particular) for Christians. NCT sees
no continuing role for the Old Testament law in general and the Decalogue in
particular for New Covenant believers.
Barcellos’ book offered this critique even before a definitive work by
NCT scholars appeared on the market [That work has since appeared: Tom Wells and Fred Zaspel, New Covenant Theology: Description, Definition, Defense (New
Covenant Media, 2002)]!
Barcellos writes from the confessional perspective
of being a Reformed Baptist. His
disagreements with NCT are clearly but amicably presented. They fall into eight general areas:
First: NCT’s view of the promise of the New
Covenant.
The contention here is that NCT misreads Jeremiah
31:31-34 by assuming that the “New Covenant” “will be the death knell of the
Decalogue as a unit”, rather than ‘the death knell of the Old Covenant” (24).
Second: NCT’s view concerning the identity of the
Old Covenant.
Here the author takes NCT to
task for equating the Decalogue with the Old Covenant. Instead, Barcellos argues that “the Decalogue
is still binding as a unit under the New Covenant, though not in the same
manner in which it was under the Old” (40).
Third: NCT’s views related to the abolition of the
Old Covenant.
The primary bone of
contention here is the proper interpretation of Jesus’ words in Matthew
5:17-20. Counter to NCT, Barcellos
argues that the Old Testament is still binding, “but not in the same way it used to be”, since its application is
now conditioned by the coming of Jesus (65).
This argument is buttressed by appeal to Ephesians 2:14-16. He concludes this unit: “The abrogation of
the Old Covenant does not cancel the utility of the Old Testament” (69).
Fourth: NCT’s perspective on the Sermon on the
Mount.
Barcellos contends that, “Christ is not altering the
Law of Moses in the Sermon on the Mount, but rightly applying it, unlike the
scribes and Pharisees who were hypocrites” (76).
Fifth: NCT’s position on the identity of the Moral
Law.
At core here is an exposition of Romans 2:14-15. According to Barcellos, NCT contends that
nine of the ten commandments (excluding the 4th commandment to
observe the Sabbath) comprise “the Moral law common to all men” (77). Barcellos sees no reason to exclude the 4th
commandment from the Moral Law as it is made known to the Jews through special
revelation and to Gentiles through general revelation.
Sixth: NCT’s hermeneutical presuppositions.
Barcellos contends that NCT holds to the maxim “Not
repeated, not binding.” On the other hand, “The historic Reformed hermeneutic
assumes continuity between the testaments unless rescinded” (85). His point:
Just because each of the Ten Commandments is not explicitly repeated in
the New Testament does not diminish the fact that they are still binding.
Seventh: NCT’s implications for canonics.
Barcellos’ warning here is that though NCT may give formal recognition of the complete canon
(Old and New Testaments), it results in an ethical approach that functionally acknowledges only the New
Testament. NCT, therefore, “leaves
itself open to the accusation of Neo-Marcionism, due to its reductionistic,
myopic, and truncated approach to ethics” (88).
Eighth: NCT and historical theology.
Barcellos begins by defending the position on the
law, often chided by NCT, taken in the Second London Baptist Confession (1689).
He then attacks two areas where NCT has
claimed historical support for its position.
First, NCT has looked to the so-called “continental Reformers” for
support of its Decalogue and Sabbatarian ideas.
While acknowledging that Calvin’s views on the Sabbath, in particular,
are complex, Barcellos concludes that NCT “does not bear the mantle of John
Calvin when it comes to the issue of the Sabbath” (100). Second, NCT has often appealed to the
writings of John Bunyan on the Sabbath for historical support for its
ideas. In fact, an annual gathering of
NCT-sympathetic pastors and theologians is called “The Bunyan Conference.” Barcellos, however, contends that NCT has
misread Bunyan who “was not combating the Puritan view of the Sabbath” “but
writing against a movement that sought to impose the seventh day Sabbath as Moral Law upon Christians” (101). He concludes, “Fairly stated, John Bunyan is
not New Covenant in his view of the Sabbath” (107).
Conclusion and Assessment:
Barcellos concludes his critique by offering four
specific areas of disagreement with NCT:
(1) NCT and exegetical theology; (2) NCT and Biblical theology; (3) NCT
and historical theology; and (4) NCT and systematic theology. The author is to be commended for the
charitable spirit with which he conducts this review, analysis and critique of
NCT. In the opinion of this reviewer,
the stiffest challenges that he places before NCT proponents are the exegetical
ones involving the New Testament’s own reference to the Ten Commandments (Rom
3:19-20; 2 Cor 3:3; Eph 6:2-3; and 1 Tim 1:8-11) and his caution concerning
NCT’s neo-Marcionite tendencies. I would
also be interested to know how those who hold to NCT might respond to
Barcellos’ challenges concerning Bunyan’s views on the Sabbath. Barcellos admits that NCT is not “totally
fallacious” but in the end he charges that it “goes astray at the point of
exegesis and thus produces a faulty theological system” (111). Here we find perhaps the harshest assessment
in an otherwise charitable work, as Barcellos argues that NCT “ends up
producing a diseased system of doctrine, which produces diseased Christian
thinking and living” (110). This book is brief but well argued. At this point, it has convinced me that NCT
does not offer a viable middle ground between New Covenant and Dispensational
theology. Ω
JTR
