Gerhard Maier, The End of the Historical-Critical Method,
Trans. Edwin F. Leverenz and Rudolph F. Norden (St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia,
1977): 108 pp.
Concordia is the publishing house for the conservative Lutheran
Church-Missouri Synod.
The German original: Das
Ende der Historisch-Kritischen Methode (1974).
Maier (b. 1937) is a Lutheran scholar who made waves when
this book first appeared offering a critique of the modern historical-critical
method in which he had been trained.
Maier is also the author of Biblical Hermeneutics, trans. by Robert W. Yarbrough (Crossway,
1994). The Crossway
author page still lists him as rector and professor at Tübingen. His German Wikipedia
page says he was rector at the Albrecht Bengel Haus at the University of Tübingen from 1980-1995 and a Lutheran bishop in Württemberg
from 2001-2005.
The End of the
Historical-Critical Method is a brief book. It is a translation of the German original and suffers
some of the weaknesses inherent in any effort to transfer thought from one language
to another.
After a Forward by Eugene F. Klug, the book has three parts:
Part one: The inner
impossibility of the concept (11-25).
This part argues that the historical-critical method fails, because it treats the Bible like any other book, and this plunges theology “into
an endless chain of perplexities and endless contradictions” (11).
“The historical-critical method, in its actual application,
has become an impenetrable screen which simply does not allow certain statements
anymore, even though they may be proved a thousand times in the experience of believers”
(11).
“The question is: Is this method (historical-critical) suitable for use with this
subject matter (Bible, revelation)? (15).
Maier describes the contradictions of minister trained in the
h-c method:
“Clergymen who on Mondays stood out as determined representatives
of the historical-critical method at their church study groups at the same time
were proud of the fact that on Sunday they had preached ‘normal’ sermons that
were ‘faithful to the Scriptures’” (22).
“Accordingly the higher-critical method, as a matter of basic
principle, means a procedure according to which the Bible is approached from an
extra-Biblical position and with extra-Biblical standards, with the objective
of discovering the Word of God in the process” (24).
The most important objection to the h-c method is that over
against “divine revelation” it presents “an inconclusive and false counterpart
which basically maintains human arbitrariness and its standards” (25).
Part two: The Actual
End of the Historical-Critical Method (26-49):
This part begins with a survey of discussion among German
scholars on the question of canon and whether there is a “canon within the
canon.”
Maier warns that this discussion tends toward making the
canon a matter of “subjective opinion” (35).
“Man, who began critically to analyze revelation and to
discover for himself what is normative, found at the end of the road: himself”
(35).
By these standards, for some, like W. Marxen, “the sermons of
Augustine, Luther, or of the present are just as legitimately and normatively
canonical” (35).
Even the approach taken by those like E. Käsemann who make justification the “focal point” run the risk
of banishing “important lines and basic thoughts of Scripture into powerless
darkness” (40).
“It is becoming more and more evident that the higher-critical
method denotes a Babylonian captivity that hands the exegete over to a harmful
degree of subjectivity” (40).
He cites the RC scholar Han Küng’s critique of Käsemann” “The bold program of finding a ‘canon in the canon’
demands nothing else than this: to be more Biblical than the Bible, more New
Testamently than the New Testament, more evangelical than the Gospel, and more
Pauline than Paul” (45).
In his summary, Maier concludes: “Thus the use of the
historical-critical method has put us into a monstrous hole” (48).
It has “destroyed the certainty of faith” (49).
It has made uncertain whether or not God is actually speaking
in Scripture: “With that, confidence had become impossible” (49).
It has created “a new docetism” (49).
The historical-critical method has “for all practical
purposes” “arrived at the end of a blind alley” (49).
Part three: The
Necessity of a Historical-Biblical Method:
Maier now turns to attempt to sketch a more pleasing alternative.
“A historical method? Yes! A critical method? ‘No!” or “Caution!’
is the watchword” (50).
He suggests the motto credo,
ut intellegam (I believe in order to understand), rather than credo, quia intellego (I believe because
I understand), adding that “right doctrine presumes right living, also on the part
of the individual theologian. Without being born again, we remain as ignorant as
Nicodemus” (54).
“The self-interpretation of Scripture is most profoundly
connected with its goal of producing certainty” (55).
It is the “inner witness of the Holy Spirit (testimonium internum Spiritus Sancti [sic])
which indeed testified to the revelatory nature of Scripture” (57).
The hjstorical method cannot be applied as it is “generally
used in historiography” (58). Scriptural interpretation “is impossible without
dogmatic prejudice” (58).
“Ever since the Enlightenment the statement that Scripture contains divine revelation has prevailed
and has become a leading dogma. But we have to rule it out. The true statement
reads: ‘Scripture is revelation’”
(63).
We may assume “there is no Scripture in the canon which is without canonical quality” (67).
As regards the outer boundaries of canon, Maier says it is “most
unlikely” that any canonical writing is “missing” (67). JTR: But should we not
say that it is impossible for any canonical writing to be missing?!
Maier notes the controversy over the vowel points, and
recalls a defender of their inspiration Matthias Flucas, who, he says,
prophetically “anticipated that with the first break in the dam the whole dam would
continue to erode” (69). JTR: Recall Owen’s defense of the vowel points.
“The more one moves away from verbal inspiration, the more
one falls into theosophical speculation” (69).
Maier says that, like J. A. Bengel, discerning Bible scholars
must note that “in the course of several thousand years copyist errors, gaps,
variants, and different vowel signs and punctuation entered the Scriptural
text. But this does not alter the fact that the Bible presents an astonishingly
faithful rendition of the original text, because the variants do not change the
overall context, and only seldom do they bear much weight. It does, however, place
before us the task of finding the original text, and then the task of
developing a methodologically appropriate concept of inspiration” (69).
JTR: Here, it seems Maier assumes the validity of the approach
of modern text criticism.
Later, he notes that the “infallibility of Scripture” should
not be understood in the sense of “anthropological inerrancy” (72).
He adds: “Insofar as textual difficulties are concerned , we
also accept the continuation of divine guidance (providentia Dei), without indulging in the idea of progressive or unterminated
revelation and without being relieved of searching for the best possible form
of text” (72).
Near the end Maier presents some “Procedural Steps” for doing
what he calls a “Historical-Biblical Method” as opposed to a h-c method (80-88).
These steps include (a) preliminary remarks (take notes of
the insights of the h-c method); (b) finding the text; (c) translation; (d) the
contemporary historical background; (e) historicoreligious comparison; (f) concerning
previous literary criticism and from criticism; (g) biblical classification; the
analysis.
In a paragraph on “Finding the Text” as fundamental, Maier raises
some important challenges regarding modern text criticism:
“For all scholarly work with the Scriptures, the first responsibility
is that of finding the text. There are literally countless variants, and the
number is constantly increasing, for example, through the collecting of ancient
lectionaries. The comparison of variants must be carried out critically, that
is, with reasonable and intelligent standards. The term ‘textual criticism,’ to
be sure, leaves room for misunderstanding, for it does not infer criticism of
the text but refers to critically finding the text out of a choice that sometimes
is very limited and at other times quite extensive. Nevertheless, also this
task remains subject to general theological and methodological principles and
is therefore clearly an aspect of theology. Methodologically speaking, the
insight is important that a result must be reached from various considerations.
For example, the more difficult reading (lectio
difficilior), which generally is given precedence, could possibly be the
result of a scribal error and therefore have little meaning. Besides this, especially
the theologian should guard against falling prey to a good-manuscripts myth and
therefore following in blind confidence whenever certain manuscripts provide
certain readings. A third warning concerns the procedures which follow the
axiom that the longer version indicates a later refinement. As a matter of
fact, in later times people were not adverse to abridging, and especially the
hard working copyist was more inclined to leave something out than to add to the
text” (81).
In his conclusion, Maier stresses that the Biblical scholar must
be aware of the “subjectivity of the proceedings.” Oddly enough he says, “Therefore
we cannot compel others to accept what to
us seems to be the cardinal point” (89).
He later adds: “The Biblical interpreter is just the opposite
of the ‘neutral scientist’” (90).
Finally, he closes with what seems to be more Lutheran view
on Christ as the “center” of Scripture: “Every interpreter arrives at a center
of Scripture which brings him joy… Thus we can designate Christ as the middle of
Scripture and its pivotal point, its center, its heart” (91).
Though he proceeds to defend the totality of Scripture these
closing comments seem to run counter to some of his earlier comments on the
dangers of a “canon within the canon” hermeneutic.
JTR
